In recent years, Europe has witnessed a marked rise in far-right political movements and parties. These groups often promote nationalist, anti-migration, and Eurosceptic ideologies that run counter to the values of liberal democracy and the principles underpinning the European Union. Their resurgence is often linked to the aftermath of the 2008 financial crisis, which left deep economic scars across the continent, as well as to the more recent migration waves that have tested Europe’s political and social cohesion. Even as borders were tightened and migration policies became stricter, far-right narratives continued to gain traction, shaping mainstream debates in many European societies.

However, to really understand this phenomenon, we should firtly analyse the roots of the modern far-right in Europe, trace back to the period following the Second World War. Although Nazism and fascism were decisively defeated in 1945, the ideologies that sustained them were not eradicated entirely. Several parties and movements regrouped in the postwar period, often rebranding themselves in less overtly radical ways. A prominent example is the Italian Social Movement (MSI), founded in 1946, which openly expressed fascist beliefs and managed to persist in Italian politics for decades. This pattern illustrates the resilience of far-right ideology, adapting itself to new political realities rather than disappearing altogether.

Case Studies: Southern and Central Europe

Far-right movements have gained visibility in several European states. In Greece, Golden Dawn emerged as one of the most prominent neo-fascist parties in Europe, gaining parliamentary representation and significant street-level influence before its leaders were convicted for running a criminal organization. In Hungary, Prime Minister Viktor Orbán and his Fidesz party have embraced nationalist and anti-immigration rhetoric, blurring the lines between mainstream conservatism and far-right populism. Italy has also seen repeated waves of far-right resurgence, from postwar fascist parties to more recent figures who openly challenge EU institutions and policies.

Today, the far-right witnesses a rise in even more countries. Germany’s AfD is one of the most prominent alt-right parties in Europe, gaining more and more popularity, and likely to win the next elections. In Poland another far-right, nationalist party won the presidential elections, and the “Vox” party in Spain sees a recent rise, as well, especially with young voters. In Greece, once again, “Voice of Reason”, “Greek Solution” and “Niki”(Victory), are gaining  many seats in the parliament, promoting their ultranationalist views, through their populist, far-right propaganda. Such movements, unfortunately, achieve their goal, of attracting votes, by lying to the public, expressing racism and slowing down the logical progress of the world. In the broader continent of Europe, the UK’s Reform party is also gaining attention, following the Government’s recent actions. 

These examples underscore the adaptability of far-right rhetoric across different political contexts, allowing parties to gain support while attempting to shed overt associations with racism and extremism.

Are Far-Right Movements Really a Problem?

The rise of far-right movements has generated debate over whether they pose an existential threat to European democracy. On one hand, their ideologies often include elements of racial and religious discrimination, which can erode democratic values, fuel polarization, and marginalize vulnerable groups. On the other hand, far-right parties have not yet consolidated sufficient power to dominate decision-making at the EU level. Instead, many of them have shifted tactics, presenting themselves as more moderate and democratic while still pushing nationalist and exclusionary agendas.

Nevertheless, their growing influence is significant. Even when they fail to win outright control, far-right parties shape political discourse, pressuring centrist and mainstream parties to adopt tougher stances on migration, sovereignty, and EU integration. This indirect influence highlights their importance in the evolving landscape of European politics.

Conclusion

The rise of far-right movements in Europe is not an isolated phenomenon but a recurring pattern with deep historical roots. While they no longer appear in the same form as mid-twentieth-century fascism or Nazism, their modern adaptations continue to challenge the democratic fabric of Europe. Economic crises, migration flows, and discontent with supranational institutions have all contributed to their growth. Though they may not yet dominate the EU, their ability to influence mainstream politics suggests that their rise is both real and consequential. Addressing this challenge requires careful balancing: defending democratic values without dismissing the legitimate grievances that far-right groups exploit.

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